Note to patients. Any list of FAQ’s is a work in progress. If this doesn’t answer all your questions as well as we are capable of answering them, feel free to contact us at patients@xytos.com.

GENERAL QUESTIONS

What do the therapy names mean?

XyChloro® Photodynamic Therapy:

Although XYTOS has the ability to treat the whole body, which is referenced as systemic the “system”). The XYTOS treatment process is to first concentrate on specific areas of the body where cancerous cells are known to exist.

Photodynamic means activated by photons (light). The photosensitizer (XyChloro®) is the substance that is activated during treatment.

XyChloro® Sonodynamic Therapy (XSDT) is the same as XPDT, except that our sensitizer, XyChloro®, in this case is a sonosensitizer, which is activated by sound rather than by light. A sensitizer is the generic name for a substance which can be activated by both light and sound.

Why two therapies?

Because XPDT and XSDT complement each other in the following manner: XPDT is very effective on cancers such as the breast and skin, as well as the prostate because the light can easily reach and activate XyChloro® once administered by the doctor. Additionally, XPDT can be used as a whole body treatment if the XYTOS Doctors deems this to be necessary. In most cases, a whole body therapy is not necessary. The XYTOS Photodynamic Diagnostic (PDD) process can find any metastases and use either XPDT or XSDT locally as treatment rather than the whole body therapy. Note that patients receiving whole body therapy in the past have occasionally complained of being tired, which has been significantly reduced by the new XYTOS Concentrated Light Delivery System. XYTOS uses XSDT (ultrasound) for localized deeper cancer tumors where the XYTOS light process would not reach into the body. This XSDT process is used on deeper tumors that require more intense therapy. The ultrasound process is safe and effective and similar to the process used to view a fetus in an expecting mother.

Why hasn’t my doctor and I heard of XPDT and XSDT?

There are several reasons:

All doctors working within the area of cancer should have heard of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). Photodynamic Therapy has been around since 1904 and has been used in a number of therapeutic applications for over 30 years. Additionally, there are thousands of research articles about Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) that can be viewed on the Internet. Your doctor has more than likely not heard of XPDT because the technology (which is a highly selective sensitizer concentrating on cancerous cells and rapidly clearing from healthy cells), has only been available for a few years. Further, XyChloro® Sonodynamic Therapy (XSDT) is a very new treatment process that XYTOS has recently made available.

• 2. With the number of new medical treatments offered to patients, it is difficult for physicians to stay abreast to all the new technologies offered. Physicians generally work with treatments that have been around and accepted for many years, so they are generally slow to accept new technology. Additionally, new treatments may not be acceptable to a patient’s insurance company and generally could be less known because they are only available in localized areas.

As a practical matter, doctors generally work within their field and are generally slow to implement new therapies until they are generally accepted by the industry.

3. In cancer therapy, there is a massive focus on surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapies. There are other therapy options that are potentially more effective, but must go through the normal clinical trial and approval process before they are widely accepted

Who is interested in getting XPDT/XSDT?

People who choose XPDT/XSDT mainly fall into these groups:

1. Individuals who have studied all the therapy options and cannot find a conventional treatment with reasonable ability of solving their problem with acceptable side effects. The XYTOS patients are often very knowledgeable about all treatments available.
2. Personal recommendation from other patients who have gone through the XYTOS treatment procedure.
3. Individuals who were unsuccessful at conventional therapies.
4. Individuals who are not willing to accept the side effects associated with other therapies.

What does XPDT/XSDT do?

The XYTOS photo/sonodynamic therapies kill metastases (and slowly kill larger tumors). XPDT directly attacks cancerous tumors wherever they are in the body (if the XYTOS light delivery system can reach and activate our sensitizer XyChloro®). Note that XyChloro® will attach to any cancerous cells whether they have been detected by conventional diagnostic techniques or not. XyChloro® will attach to cancerous cells but will not attack cells until activated by light or sound. XSDT is a more localized therapy that works with the XYTOS sound delivery system. XSDT can reach deeper into the body to activate XyChloro®.

How do you know that XPDT/XSDT kills metastases?

XYTOS can confirm that XyChloro® is effective on killing cancerous cells through darkfield microscopy, sonography, and fluoroscopy. The patient has these three diagnostic procedures done before the treatment starts, during the treatment, and after the treatment has been completed. The three processes together clearly show the effectiveness of XyChloro® on metastases. When a patient returns to their personal physician, the XYTOS results can also be confirmed using conventional scanning techniques such as CT scans, by pathology, and by improvements in the patient’s symptoms. So, in short, we can often directly observe the tumor destruction process as our therapy proceeds. Additionally, we can see surface and near surface tumors using photodynamic diagnosis (PDD, see below). At the start of therapy, a patient may have a number of visible tumors that can be seen through fluoroscopy. As therapy progresses, these tumors would disappear. PDD, with near surface tumors is very sensitive and detects tumors much better than other diagnostic techniques. PDD, using XyChloro® can detect cancerous cells years before the conventional mammogram. Being free from cancer as shown by PDD is a much stronger statement then being free from cancer as shown by other diagnostic techniques.

What does XPDT/XSDT treat best?

A pre-condition for successful treatment is that the patient should be in generally good health. Also, the cancer should not have seriously damaged vital structures and organs. It is important not to wait too long before seeking out this therapy or some other form of therapy.

XPDT/XSDT has a slower tumor killing effect (surgery is fast), and we can expect it to work best when there is less cancer present, or when the cancer present as a large number of small tumors rather than as a small number of large tumors. XPDT is less effective with large, dense tumors, because blood circulation inside the tumor is poor, and it is difficult to get the sensitizer to the deep cancerous cells. In the case where there are larger tumors, it is suggested that these tumors be removed or at least debulked surgically.

When the patient has a lot of cancer, expect XPDT/XSDT to do best when:

1. The cancer is on or near the surface, where both XPDT and XSDT are very effective, and
2. When we can easily monitor the progress of the therapy through darkfield microscopy, sonography, and fluoroscopy (i.e., PDD, which is very efficient and the monitoring techniques of choice).

The top three cancers for XPDT/XSDT are breast, prostate, and skin cancer, because all three can be monitored using darkfield microscopy, sonography, and fluoroscopy (PDD).

XYTOS has had a number of successes using XPDT with other cancers, but performance with deeper cancers has been less effective with XPDT alone. With the addition of XSDT, we have greatly improved our outcomes with our ability to reach deeper tumors.

When does XPDT/XSDT fail?

There are some obvious failure modes. When the patient:

• Has the mindset that only conventional therapies are worth considering.
• An individual’s health is too poor outside of their cancer problems.
• Abandons the therapy before it is complete.
• Waits too long before getting the XPDT/XSDT therapy.
• Has medical problems which preclude the use of the XPDT/XSDT therapy. For example, cancer in a large blood vessel.

Apart from these, we have experienced little failure since we improved the XPDT treatment protocol in early 2005. The addition of XSDT in June 2005 greatly improved our results for our patients that had deeper cancerous tumors and XPDT alone was not as effective.

Note that “failure” is defined as not providing clearly observable benefits to our patients. Using the same definition, most of our patients have failed with other therapies.

Does XPDT/XSDT “cure” cancer?

There is a lot of media talk about “finding the cure for cancer.” A cure implies certainty that the cancer has been removed and will not come back. There is no such certainty with any therapy. The best that therapies can achieve is to remove all evidence of cancer. Then the patient has to wait and see if the cancer recurs. With XPDT/XSDT, we often improve a patient’s symptoms and diagnostic test values, and we often remove all evidence of cancer. Since most of our patients have metastatic cancer, and other treatments have failed, we feel that these are strong statements.

There is an argument that XPDT/XSDT is more likely to “cure” cancer than other therapies. Conventional cancer therapies have limited repeatability. Although XYTOS fells that the removal of a lump in the breast and the removal or debulking of a large tumour works well in conjunction with XPDT/XSDT, surgery cannot be repeated indefinitely. Each time the patient loses healthy tissue. Radiation therapy is damaging, and cannot be repeated very often. Chemotherapy will eventually fail too work. Different drugs can be used, usually with increasing toxicity and decreasing tolerance by both the body and the patient, to this further treatment.

For XPDT/XSDT, which is completely non-invasive and non-toxic, we do not believe that there is a limit to the number of times it can be repeated. Patients who are successfully treated with XPDT/XSDT can choose to repeat the treatment every few years, for preventive purposes. Considering the fact that the underlying reason that the patient initially had cancer is unknown. In the event that any cancerous tumor recurs, the patient can repeat the therapy, hopefully with the same original success.

My doctor says XPDT/XSDT is an unproven therapy, and that I shouldn’t waste my time and money on unproven therapies?

If your doctor says XPDT/XSDT is an unproven therapy, you should direct your doctor to our website at ww.xytos.com , and instruct him to look under Patient Results. Additionally, your doctor should be instructed to review the XYTOS References page, which contains a sample of the thousands of articles available to the public on photodynamic and sonodynamic therapies. After your doctor has reviewed the XYTOS results and the references, his statement that this is an unproven therapy will change.

Further note that current treatments in the form of surgery for early stage cancer patients has been proven to be successful with acceptable side effects. However, once the cancer has metastasised, it is often hard to find a therapy that has been proven to be effective in killing cancer that has metastasised.

There are many studies of conventional therapies for metastatic cancer showing little if any benefit. Some therapies have only been evaluated in terms of their ability to shrink tumors, but this does not necessarily translate into a longer, better quality of life. The best way to find out if a therapy is of proven benefit is to look at the best evidence – studies published in medical journals. Such studies may be difficult for the patient to read and evaluate, but choice of therapy is a huge decision and it is worth the effort to find someone who can evaluate the studies. Even a positive study may be misleading. Many clinical trials are carried out under the best possible conditions by the best cancer centers, with careful selection of the patients most likely to benefit. In real life, conditions will not be as ideal and patient outcomes will vary.

What is the evidence of effectiveness of XPDT/XSDT?.

Results for patients treated in 2005 (when we introduced a new protocol) are excellent and unlikely to be matched by any other treatment center. A sampling of these results can be seen on our website, www.xytos.com.

An important factor in the XYTOS treatment is that it is completely non-invasive and non-toxic, and the patients that have had XPDT/XSDT have experienced minimal side effects which have related to being tired after the treatment with the full body light delivery system.

XYTOS can confirm that XyChloro® is effective on killing cancerous cells through darkfield microscopy, sonography, and fluoroscopy. The patient has these three diagnostic procedures done before the treatment starts, during the treatment, and after the treatment has been completed. The three processes together clearly show the effectiveness of XyChloro® on metastases. At the end of the treatment process, the patient receives their results from each of the aforementioned diagnostic procedures showing that the treatment has been effective in dealing with their cancer.

What about follow up after getting XPDT/XSDT?

No treatment procedure can guarantee that it can “cure” cancer, so patients need regular monitoring. This also applies to patients who have had XPDT and XSDT. As an example of past treatments, we treated a lady with a Grade IV breast cancer and now she has no evidence of cancer as shown by PDD. A sampling of our results can be seen on our website, www.xytos.com, under Patient Results. Although this is a strong statement, patient results can vary. Our patient presumably needs less monitoring than usual, and, of course, each patient is different. Another patient with mesothelioma is much improved, which doesn’t happen with other therapies.

Some patients may choose to undergo additional XPDT and XSDT therapy irregardless of what monitoring shows. We have noted that there is no downside, other than a possible waste of money and time.

Is XPDT/XSDT hormone receptive or non-hormone receptive?

This question has been asked by a number of breast cancer patients in cases where other treatments are potentially non-effective. In other treatments such as chemotherapy, patient treatment is limited depending on this question with respect to hormone or non-hormone receptive. This question is not an issue with XyChloro® and the treatment process XPDT/XSDT. XyChloro® and the XPDT/XSDT is an all-embracing therapy attacking all cancer cells in the body equally be it hormone or non-hormone receptive. The limitations on XPDT/XSDT relate to our ability to activate XyChloro® in certain deep cancerous tumors. XYTOS continues to make significant strides in the area of deeper tumors using XSDT, but as stated, our most effective areas of treatment have been breast, skin, and prostate and other near surface cancerous tumors.

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE THERAPIES

What are the elements of XPDT/XSDT?

XPDT/XSDT needs three things before it can work:

• A sensitizer (XyChloro®) that is selectively absorbed by cancer cells, and rapidly cleared from healthy cells.
• A source of energy (light or sound) which can activate XyChloro®.
• Oxygen, to react with the activated sensitizer to form free radicals in the cancer cells.

• XyChloro®, with the core component chlorophyllin a product of chlorophyll with additional amino acid chains to make it responsive to sound, acts as a photosensitizer and sonosensitizer which is activated by both light and sound.

The energy sources are:

• When using XyChloro® as a photosensitizer, we have used, in the past, a light treatment bed fitted with light emitting diodes, which illuminates the whole body with red and infrared light. XYTOS now uses concentrated white light which we have found to be more effective because it works within all ranges of the spectrum.
• When using XyChloro® as a sonosensitizer, we use an ultrasound instrument, which generates low intensity ultrasound radiation. This is a standard diagnostic instrument which is used, for example, for fetal monitoring. The sound is manually applied to the affected areas of the body to activate XyChloro®.

Oxygen which is found everywhere in the body.

Who developed these therapies?

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for about a century. XPDT required the development of a new class of photo/sonosensitizers, specifically XyChloro®, a core component chlorophyllin a product of chlorophyll. Past sensitizers have been mainly developed in the U.S. and in Russia. XyChloro® was developed by the XYTOS doctors.

Are XPDT/XSDT considered mainstream or alternative therapies?

Mainstream and alternative are vague terms. In cancer therapy, it is reasonable to define a mainstream treatment as one intended to directly attack cancer cells. An alternative treatment indirectly attacks cancer cells. The treatment builds up the patient’s health, thereby promoting the body’s ability to attack cancer. With this definition, XPDT/XSDT are mainstream therapies. XPDT/XSDT are also very safe, pain free, non-toxic and completely non-invasive therapies. Most conventional treatments are considered painful, toxic and invasive.

How important is diagnosis of the type of cancer?

XPDT/XSDT is not dependant on knowledge of the type of cancer. XyChloro® will attack all types of cancer if the light and sound delivery system is able to activate XyChloro®. What our doctors do need to know is the size and location of the primary tumor, and has a general indication where metastases may be. It is also necessary to know if the cancer has affected vital structures, making it unsafe to kill the cancer and leave a dangerous “hole.”

Conventional therapies need to know the above and a lot more. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy are dependant on an accurate diagnosis of the type of cancer. For example, oestrogen dependant breast cancers may respond to hormone therapy, others will not. It is sometimes difficult to determine the type of cancer present, and a misdiagnosis may result in the patient getting treatment which cannot possibly be effective. Radiation therapy and surgery are both dependant on an accurate knowledge of where the tumor and its metastases are located. As stated XyChloro® is not dependent on knowing the type of cancer.

What is photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)?

PDD is a diagnostic technique for detecting surface and near surface cancers. Part of the activating light in XPDT is absorbed by the sensitizer and re-emitted as fluorescent radiation. This can be detected using a camera with a red filter and displayed on a TV screen or computer.

PDD only works near the surface of the body because:

1. The activating light energy rapidly declines as the light passes through tissue and bone.
2. The deeper the tumor, the smaller the fraction of emitted light detected by the camera.

With the appropriate patients, PDD is a highly effective diagnostic technique. We have used PDD to detect a significant number of tumors in patients with late stage melanoma, and most of these tumors could not be detected any other way.

With deeper tumors we use the darkfield microscope as well as the sonogram to chart our success with XPDT and XSDT as detailed above under How do you know that XPDT/XSDT kills metastases. The patients receive all visual information detailing the results of their treatment with XYTOS when they have completed their treatment.

QUESTIONS ABOUT RECEIVING THE THERAPY

When is it best to get the XPDT/XSDT therapies?

The earlier the better. To maximize the probability of success, it is best to do XPDT/XSDT shortly after diagnosis and (usually) surgery, no matter whether the surgery was “successful” or not. Through PDD and more specifically darkfield microscopy, sonography, and fluoroscopy we can prove the presence of cancer, and we can determine the absence of cancer. The only down side with doing XPDT/XSDT early in the disease process is that the cancer my not have metastasized and surgery may well have solved the problem.

The down sides with deferring treatment until recurrence is that:

1. The therapy will take additional rounds (i.e. be more expensive and take longer).
2. The cancer may have had time to do significant and permanent damage.

What should I do before starting XPDT/XSDT?

Do everything you can to improve your general health. Depending on your general health XYTOS will be unable to accept certain patients (see exclusion criteria on the XYTOS website www.xytos.com).

What can I expect while getting the therapies?

SEE ATTACHED PROTOCOLS for Breast, Skin and Prostate cancer (Protocols for your specific needs will be emailed to you after our medical staff has reviewed your documentation)

Will there be side effects?

Except for very sick patients (which may be excluded from treatment, again see exclusion criteria on the XYTOS website), the only side effect noted in the past has been tiredness after full body light delivery system. Rest resolves this side effect. This side effect has been significantly reduced with XYTOS’ new concentrated light delivery system.

If you have symptoms resulting from cancer, these are likely to improve. Depending on symptoms, patients can experience improved energy, improved appetite, weight gain, easier breathing and less pain.

Patients sometimes report benefits which are not likely to be related to reduction in the tumor load. We have had reports of increased energy in patients with little cancer, reduced arthritis pain, disappearance of hives and skin blemishes, and better sexual performance.

What about long term follow up?

Our doctor will suggest a follow up monitoring plan. You have the option of getting additional rounds of XPDT/XSDT for preventive purposes. This can often be usefully combined with PDD diagnosis. Where relevant, PDD diagnosis is likely to be the best diagnostic technique available.

THE THEORY BEHIND XPDT/XSDT

What makes a good sensitizer?

Our sensitizers (XyChloro®) used for XPDT/XSDT has the following properties:

• Rapid clearance from healthy cells, but remain for some days in cancer cells.
• High concentrations in cancer cells, but negligible concentrations in healthy cells.
• Non-toxicity, with a wide safety margin between the therapeutic dose and the dose causing any toxic effects.
• Efficient production of free radical oxygen, the chemical species that attacks the (cancer) cells they are in.
• Activation in the red and infra-red regions, as well as white light regions where the body is reasonably transparent to light (for XPDT)
• Absorbs and is activated by ultra sound energy (for XSDT)
• Water soluble, so that it dissolves in the blood, but sufficiently lipophilic (fat loving) so that it can bind to cell membranes and pass into the cell.

How safe is XyChloro®?

XyChloro®, with the core component chlorophyllin a product of chlorophyll; a significant component of our diet which is completely non-toxic and has impeccable safety qualifications. Chlorophyllin is sold in 100 mg components as a daily supplement. Additionally, over the last 30 years, chlorophyllin have been used in quantities up to about four grams to treat a new born with elevated bilirubin levels. Our therapeutic dose is up to about 50 milligrams, and adults are much less sensitive to toxicity than a new born.

How does the sensitizer selectively bind to cancer cells?

Cancer cells have an anaerobic (no oxygen) metabolism and produce lactate. Healthy cells have an aerobic (oxygen) mechanism. XyChloro® is positively charged and can bind to the negatively charged lactate in the cancer cell. XyChloro® will remain in the cancerous cells for several days waiting to be activated by our light or sound delivery system. If XyChloro® is in an area of the body where the XYTOS doctors are unable to activate it through light or sound it will have no effect on the cancer cells, that it binds to, and will eventually clear from the cancer cells. You can view additional information on the XYTOS website www.xytos.com under “Why the Cancer Treatment Works”.

What is the mechanism of action in killing the cancer?

The mechanism whereby XyChloro® kills cancer cells is the same for both XPDT and XSDT. The XYTOS light or sound delivery system which activates XyChloro® raises the energy level of XyChloro®, producing an “activated “molecule. This is turn reacts with nearby oxygen to form “free radical “oxygen. This is an extremely powerful oxidant, it reacts with the nearest oxidisable material – the organic matter in the cancer cell. This breaks down the organic matter, destroying the cells structure, and killing or damaging the cell. The free radical oxygen has a very small radius of action, so it only damages the cells that it is in - the cancer cells. Once apoptosis (cells damage) takes place fragmentation of the tumor cells causes the immune system to produce tumor specific anti-bodies resulting in (auto vaccination). Thus clearing the body of unwanted cell fragmentations and stimulating the body to continue the process of healing.

Other applications of XPDT/XSDT

There are a host of potential other applications. XyChloro® is designed to attach to the membranes of microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It is also designed to attach to atherosclerotic plaque and the arteries of newly forming tissue (this is why XPDT/XSDT cannot be given for at least 3 weeks after surgery). XYTOS continues to research some of the side benefits that patients have reported after receiving XPDT/XSDT. For example, patients being treated for breast cancer reported reduced pain in their knees. Since bacteria cause some arthritis, it is possible that the XPDT attacked these bacteria. XYTOS currently has no concrete data confirming some of the side benefits reported by our patients. XYTOS will be reporting on these potential applications in the future after adequate research has been completed.

Where does XPDT/XSDT fit into a comprehensive cancer treatment program?

Successful cancer treatment is a four-step process:

1. Diagnose the condition.

XYTOS, through the use of PDD (photodynamic diagnostics) and more specifically darkfield microscopy, sonography, and fluoroscopy. The patient has these three diagnostic procedures done before the treatment starts, during the treatment, and after the treatment has been completed. These three diagnostic procedures together clearly give the XYTOS doctors the information needed to effectively treat each patients. More importantly it allow XYTOS and the patient to clearly see the success of XPDT and XSDT. Note that Fluoroscopy, (where XYTOS is able to illuminate a patients cancer cells in the breast or other regions of the skin) can detect cancer at the cellular level years before any other diagnostic technique available to patients today. This form of cancer diagnostics will soon become the standard for diagnosing breast and skin cancers and PDD with XyChloro® will replace all other diagnostic procedures in the very near future. Additionally, PDD with XyChloro®, will detect cancer cell years before the cancer becomes a lump in the breast. In the case of the current standard diagnostic procedure (the mammogram) by the time cancer is detected using the mammogram the cancer has been present in the patient’s body for 3 to 6 years. Using the XYTOS diagnostic procedure with XyChloro® cancer can be detected and treated years before it ever becomes a lump in the breast.

1. Remove or debulk the primary tumor using surgery or a similar technique (such as high energy focused ultrasound).

The XYTOS treatment process works best on smaller tumors and metastases. XYTOS recommends that the patient have larger tumors surgically removed and then follow up with XPDT/XSDT for metastases. Note that larger tumors have a limited blood supply and it is more difficult to get XyChloro® into larger tumors. In such a case, it takes much longer for XPDT/XSDT to work on larger tumors so XPDT/XSDT with XyChloro® is considered much less effective. In breast cancer patient XYTOS may recommends that the patient have a lumpectomy depending on the size of the lump in the breast and possibly the removal of the lymph nodes. XYTOS has not yet recommended a mastectomy.

• Destroy any remaining primary tumors and any metastases.

1. Alter the patient’s lifestyle to hopefully remove the underlying causes of the cancer and prevent its recurrence.

See patient results on the XTYOS website www.xytos.com.

The XYTOS non-invasive and non-toxic therapy (XPDT/XSDT) is the treatment of choice for Step Three of the treatment process referenced above and this treatment process will soon become the standard for the treatment of Breast, Skin, Prostate and other near surface cancerous tumors. Note that XYTOS is undergoing research and development in other cancer areas, which will be announced in the future.

If you have additional questions after reviewing this document, please feel free to forward additional questions to patients@xytos.com.